PHYSICS: PARTICLE PHYSICS

PHYSICS: PARTICLE PHYSICS

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Overview

• The atom was discovered by John Dalton in 1802
• However, even more fundamental particles were discovered in the 20^th century
• Particle physics focuses on subatomic particles including electrons, protons and neutrons
• Many fundamental particles do not occur in nature but can be created in high energy collisions of other particles

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Standard Model of particle physics

• The Standard Model describes the current classification of elementary particles
• It describes strong, weak and electromagnetic forces using gauge bosons
• The Standard Model does not include gravitation, dark matter and dark energy
• The Standard Model was developed by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam in the 1960s. They won Nobel in Physics in 1979
• The Model contains 24 fundamental particles
• It predicts the existence of the Higgs Boson, which is yet to discovered
• All particles of the Standard Model have been observed in experiments, except the Higgs Boson
  

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Elementary particles

• All elementary particles are either fermions or bosons
• Fermions are particles associated with matter, while bosons are particles associated with force
• Fermions can be divided into Quarks and Leptons
• Bosons can be divided into Gauge Bosons and Other Bosons (including Higgs Boson)
• Protons and neutrons are examples of Hadrons, which are composites of Quarks
• Electrons are elementary particles by themselves

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Important particle physics labs

Facility	Location	Established	Famous for
Brookhaven National Lab	New York	1947	World’s first heavy ion collider World’s only polarized proton collider
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics	Novosibirsk (Russia)	1959	World’s first particle accelerator
European Organization for Nuclear Research	Geneva	1954	World’s largest particle physics lab Birthplace of World Wide Web Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
German Electron Synchrotron (DESY)	Hamburg	1959
Fermilab	Chicago	1967	Tevatron – world’s second largest particle accelerator
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)	Tsukuba (Japan)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab	Stanford University	1962	Longest linear accelerator in the world

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