PHYSICS: NUCLEAR PHYSICS
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Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts
- Nuclear fission can either release energy or absorb energy: for nuclei lighter than iron fission absorbs energy, while for nuclei heavier than iron it releases energy
- Energy released can be in the form of electromagnetic radiation or kinetic energy
- The amount of free energy contained in nuclear fuel is about a million times that contained in a similar mass of chemical fuel (like petrol)
- The atom bomb or fission bomb is based on nuclear fission
- Example: fission of Uranium-235 to give Barium, Krypton and neutrons
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Nuclear Fusion
- Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus
- Nuclear fusion can result in either the release or absorption of energy: for nuclei lighter than iron fusion releases energy, while for nuclei heavier than iron it absorbs energy
- Nuclear fusion is the source of energy of stars.
- Nuclear fusion is responsible for the production of all but the lightest elements in the universe. This process is called nucleosynthesis
- Controlled nuclear fusion can result in a thermonuclear explosion – the concept behind the hydrogen bomb
- The energy density of nuclear fusion is much greater than that of nuclear fission
- Only direct conversion of mass into energy (collision of matter and anti matter) is more energetic than nuclear fusion
- Example: fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium
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PIONEERS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS RESEARCH
| Scientist |
Nationality
|
Discovery
|
Recognition
|
| J J Thomson |
Britain
|
Electron (1897)
|
Nobel in Physics (1906)
|
| Henri Becquerel |
Belgium
|
Radioactivity (1896)
|
Nobel in Physics (1903)
|
| Ernest Rutherford |
New Zealand
|
Structure of atom (1907)
|
Nobel in Chemistry (1908)
He is regarded as the father of nuclear physics
|
| Franco Rasetti |
Italy/USA
|
Nuclear spin (1929)
| |
| James Chadwick |
Britain
|
Neutron (1932)
|
Nobel in Physics (1935)
|
| Enrico Fermi |
Italy/USA
|
Nuclear chain reaction (1942)
Neutron irradiation
|
Nobel in Physics (1938)
|
| Hideki Yukawa |
Japan
|
Strong nuclear force (1935)
|
Nobel in Physics (1949)
|
| Hans Bethe |
Germany/USA
|
Nuclear fusion (1939)
|
Nobel in Physics (1967)
|
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APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Application
|
Developed by
|
Working principle
|
Use
|
Nuclear power
|
Enrico Fermi (Italy, 1934)
|
Nuclear fission
|
Power generation
|
Nuclear weapons
|
Enrico Fermi (Italy, 1934)
Edward Teller (USA, 1952)
|
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
|
Weapons
|
Radioactive pharmaceuticals
|
Sam Seidlin (USA, 1946)
|
Radioactive decay
|
Cancer, endocrine tumours, bone treatment
|
Medical imaging
|
David Kuhl, Roy Edwards (USA, 1950s)
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance (for MRI)
Positron emission (for PET)
|
MRI: Musculosketal, cardiovascular, brain, cancer imaging
PET: cancer, brain diseases imaging
|
Radiocarbon dating
|
Willard Libby (USA, 1949)
|
Radioactive decay of carbon-14
|
Archaeology
|
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IMPORTANT NUCLEAR RESEARCH FACILITIES
Nuclear research facilities in the world
| Facility |
Location
|
Established
|
Famous for
|
| Brookhaven National Lab |
New York
|
1947
|
Until 2008 world’s largest heavy-ion collider
|
| European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) |
Geneva
|
1954
|
World’s largest particle physics lab
Birthplace of the World Wide Web
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
|
| Fermilab |
Chicago
|
1967
|
Tevatron – world’s second largest particle accelerator
|
| ISIS |
Oxfordshire (England)
|
1985
|
Neutron research
|
| Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |
Dubna, Russia
|
1956
|
Collaboration of 18 nations including former Soviet states, China, Cuba
|
| Lawrence Berkeley National Lab |
California
|
1931
|
Discovery of multiple elements including astatine, and plutonium
|
| Lawrence Livermore National Lab |
California
|
1952
| |
| Los Alamos National Lab |
New Mexico, USA
|
1943
|
The Manhattan Project
|
| National Superconducting Cyclotron lab |
Michigan
|
1963
|
Rare isotope research
|
| Oak Ridge National Lab |
Tennessee
|
1943
|
World’s fastest supercomputer – Jaguar
|
| Sudbury Neutrino Lab |
Ontario
|
1999
|
Located 2 km underground
Studies solar neutrinos
|
| TRIUMF (Tri University Meson Facility) |
Vancouver
|
1974
|
World’s largest cyclotron
|
| Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Centre |
Yongbyon, North Korea
|
1980
|
North Korea’s main nuclear facility
|
| Sandia National Lab |
New Mexico, USA
|
1948
|
Z Machine (largest X-ray generator in the world)
|
| Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy (INOR) |
Abbottabad, NWFP (Pakistan)
| ||
| Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) |
Islamabad
|
1965
|
Keywords: India, ias, upsc, civil service, study material, general studies, general science, free
Nuclear research facilities in India
Facility
|
Location
|
Established
|
Famous for
|
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
|
Bombay
|
1954
|
India’s primary nuclear research centre
India’s first reactor Apsara
|
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC)
|
Calcutta
|
1977
|
First cyclotron in India
|
Institute for Plasma Research (IPR)
|
Gandhinagar
|
1982
|
Plasma physics
|
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)
|
Kalpakkam
|
1971
|
Fast breeder test reactor (FBTR)
KAMINI (Kalapakkam Mini) light water reactor
Built the reactor for Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)
|
Saha Institute for Nuclear Physics
|
Calcutta
|
1949
| |
Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR)
|
Bombay
|
1945
|
THANKS
JOHAR
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