BIOLOGY: CLONING
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Come On Let us dive into the ocean of General Science,
Overview
- Cloning is the process by which genetically identical individuals are produced
- Cloning happens in nature by the biological mechanisms of asexual reproduction in bacteria, insects and plants
- Cloning can also be performed artificially by copying fragments of DNA (molecular cloning) or cells (cell cloning) or organisms
- Mammals, which reproduce sexually, cannot clone naturally. Mammals inherit genetic material half each from both parents, meaning that the progeny is never an identical replica of the parent. Natural clones in mammals are confined to the production of identical twins
- The first vertebrate to be cloned was a tadpole by Robert Briggs (USA) and Thomas King (USA) in 1952
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Cloning in plants
- Plants have been clone for a long time.
- Grafting is a form of plant cloning
- Many horticulture plants are cloned, having been derived from a single individual
- Examples of plant cloning include carrots, tobacco, potato, banana
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Cloning in animals
- Cloning of animals is based on a technique known as “somatic cell nuclear transfer”.
- Nuclear transfer involves fusing two cells together – a donor cell containing all its DNA, and egg cell with all its DNA removed
- The two cells are fused with an electric pulse and the resulting enucleated egg is implanted in the mother
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Dolly the Sheep
- Dolly, a Finn Dorset ewe, was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell
- Dolly was cloned by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh (Scotland)
- Dolly was born in 1996 and lived for six years
- The donor cell for Dolly was taken from a mammary gland.
- Production of a healthy clone proved that a cell from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual
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Some animals that have been cloned
| Cloned animal | When | Where | By whom | Notes |
| Tadpole | 1952 | USA | Robert Briggs, Thomas King | |
| Carp (fish) | 1963 | China | Tong Dizhou | |
| Mice
(first cloned mammal)
| 1986 | Soviet Union | Chaylakhyan, Veprencev, Sviridova, Nikitin | First cloned mammal |
| Sheep
(first cloned mammal from adult cell)
| 1996 | Britain | Ian WIlmut, Keith Campbell | First cloned mammal from adult cell |
| Rhesus monkey
(named Tetra)
| 2000 | It was named Tetra | ||
| Gaur (Asian Ox) | 2001 | USA | Jonathan Hill, Philip Damiani | Named Noah
First endangered species to be cloned
|
| Cat | 2001 (Copycat)
2004 (Little Nicky)
| USA | Copycat was the first cloned pet
Little Nicky was the commercially produced cat clone
| |
| Mule (named Idaho Gem) | 2003 | USA | Gordon Woods, Dirk Vanderwall | First clone in horse family |
| Horse (named Prometea) | 2003 | Italy | Cesare Galli | First cloned horse
First animal to be born from and carried by its cloning mother
|
| Water buffalo
(called Samrupa)
| 2009 | India | S K Singla and others at Karnal National Dairy Research Institute | First cloned buffalo
Died 5 days after birth due to lung infection
|
| Camel
(called Injaz)
| 2009 | Dubai | Nisar Ahmad Wani | First cloned camel |
THANKS
JOHAR
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